Open Source Summer 2021
Published: 8/24/2021
When we need to test the kernel, we can do it through emulation. Emulation requires a kernel image file + root filesystem.
First, compile the personalized kernel source code to obtain the image file.
Second, create a root filesystem suitable for the target architecture.
Third, run emulation tests.
The task this time is to emulate the AArch64 architecture and enable KFENCE on the openEuler kernel.
Section 1: Compiling the Kernel
When it comes to compiling the kernel, those who have never tried it might find it daunting, but it's actually not that complicated.
The steps for compiling the kernel can be summarized as follows:
- Download the kernel source code
- defconfig
- menuconfig
- make
Downloading the Kernel Source Code
defconfig
The configuration file .config is essential for compiling the kernel. We can generate a .config file suitable for the target machine architecture based on defconfig.
Execute:
bash
make defconfigThis will generate a .config file derived from the defconfig of the current machine's architecture.
To cross-compile a kernel for a different architecture, such as arm64, execute:
bash
make ARCH=arm64 CROSS_COMPILE=aarch64-linux-gnu- defconfigThis will generate a .config file for the target architecture of arm64.
menuconfig
Customize settings based on .config.
Since the target architecture is arm64 (different from the host machine), this step also requires cross-compilation parameters:
bash
make ARCH=arm64 CROSS_COMPILE=aarch64-linux-gnu- menuconfigThis will open a graphical-like interface in the current "terminal".
Note: The "terminal" window must be wide enough; otherwise, an error will be reported.
Use the arrow keys to navigate and press Space to enable/disable options.
Enabling KFENCE
-> Kernel hacking
-> Memory Debugging
-> KFENCE: low-overhead sampling-based memory safety error detectorEnabling KFENCE Self-Test
Enabling Tracers
-> Kernel hacking
-> TracersOnce enabled, the self-test results will be output during kernel startup.
Enabling KFENCE Test Suite
Disabling Memtest
-> Kernel Testing and Coverage
-> <*>Kunit
-> [ ] Memtestmake
Execute:
bash
make ARCH=arm64 CROSS_COMPILE=aarch64-linux-gnu- Image -j8Cross-compile the kernel.
- The trailing
Imageindicates the target is a kernel image. -jspecifies the number of parallel jobs for compilation (can match the CPU core count).
Summary
In this section, we modified the configuration file, enabled the target feature, and compiled the kernel image.
The general steps for compiling the kernel can be summarized as:
| No | Do | Why |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | make defconfig | Generate .config based on the architecture's defconfig |
| 2 | make menuconfig | Customize settings in a graphical interface based on .config |
| 3 | make | Compile |
If targeting another architecture, you must add cross-compilation parameters to the commands in every step!
References
https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/77564702
Section 2: Building a Root Filesystem
To get the compiled kernel running, we need to build a root filesystem for it.
In the third part, we will use QEMU to emulate the AArch64 architecture.
Installing Buildroot
- Download it from its official website.
- Unzip it, and it's ready to use.
In Buildroot, the directory of interest is ./output/images, where the newly generated root filesystem is saved.
The process of using Buildroot is similar to compiling the kernel, still these three steps:
- defconfig
- menuconfig
- make
defconfig
The function of defconfig can be found in Compiling the Kernel.
The configs/ directory of Buildroot contains many defconfigs. Choose the one suitable for the target machine architecture.
We will use QEMU for aarch64 architecture emulation, so we use qemu_aarch64_virt_defconfig as the defconfig.
sh
make qemu_aarch64_virt_defconfigmenuconfig
Target
First, check:
text
Target options
|---Target Architecture(**AArch64**)Now the target architecture is AArch64, indicating that the first step's defconfig was successful.
Kernel
Since we have already compiled the kernel, disable kernel compilation:
text
Kernel
|---Linux Kernel[ ]Build options
Change the software source; only change the GNU software source:
text
Build options
|----Mirrors and Download locations
|----(http://mirrors.nju.edu.cn/gnu/)GNU Software mirrorFilesystem images
Select the type of root filesystem image to create. I additionally selected cpio the root filesystem.
text
Filesystem images
|----[*]**cpio the root filesystem**
|----[*]ext2/3/4 root filesystemSave and exit.
make
Finally, execute make.
The resulting root filesystem image will be stored in the ./output/images directory.
Summary
The steps for building a root filesystem with Buildroot are very similar to compiling the kernel: first defconfig, then menuconfig, and finally make.
Section 3: Emulation Testing of the Kernel
Files
Create a folder to store the kernel image and root filesystem.
rootfs.cpiocomes from Root FilesystemImagecomes from Compiling the Kernel
Startup Script
qemu-system-aarch64 \
-machine virt \
-cpu cortex-a57 \
-kernel ./Image \
-initrd rootfs.cpio \
--nographicqemu-system-aarch64specifies that we are emulating the aarch64 architecture.-machine virtindicates that the emulated machine is a virtual machine.-cpuemulated CPU.-kernelspecifies the kernel file (the previously compiled kernel image).-initrdspecifies the root filesystem.--nographicmeans no graphical display (no separate window will pop up; if it did, we wouldn't see it in the terminal).
Results
Upon successful boot, a lot of information will be output.
If KFENCE starts successfully and the self-test is enabled, related content will be output.
Details
plain
[ 1.646347] # Subtest: kfence
[ 1.646440] 1..25
[ 1.647423] # test_out_of_bounds_read: test_alloc: size=128, gfp=cc0, policy=left, cache=0
[ 1.734787] ==================================================================
[ 1.735047] BUG: KFENCE: out-of-bounds read in test_out_of_bounds_read+0xbc/0x204
[ 1.735047]
[ 1.735414] Out-of-bounds read at 0xffff000005d73fff (1B left of kfence-#9):
[ 1.735679] test_out_of_bounds_read+0xbc/0x204
[ 1.735845] kunit_try_run_case+0x40/0xa0
[ 1.735975] kunit_generic_run_threadfn_adapter+0x20/0x30
[ 1.736134] kthread+0x140/0x160
[ 1.736241] ret_from_fork+0x10/0x34
[ 1.736401]
[ 1.736604] kfence-#9 [0xffff000005d74000-0xffff000005d7407f, size=128, cache=kmalloc-128] allocated by task 93:
[ 1.737165] test_alloc+0xf8/0x300
[ 1.737272] test_out_of_bounds_read+0xa4/0x204
[ 1.737408] kunit_try_run_case+0x40/0xa0
[ 1.737533] kunit_generic_run_threadfn_adapter+0x20/0x30
[ 1.737691] kthread+0x140/0x160
[ 1.737795] ret_from_fork+0x10/0x34
[ 1.737951]
[ 1.738211] CPU: 0 PID: 93 Comm: kunit_try_catch Not tainted 5.10.0-00010-gdc23e832cfe7 #1
[ 1.738436] Hardware name: linux,dummy-virt (DT)
[ 1.738727] pstate: 60000005 (nZCv daif -PAN -UAO -TCO BTYPE=--)
[ 1.738898] pc : test_out_of_bounds_read+0xbc/0x204
[ 1.739037] lr : test_out_of_bounds_read+0xa4/0x204
[ 1.739190] sp : ffff800012403d30
[ 1.739314] x29: ffff800012403d30 x28: 0000000000000000
[ 1.739531] x27: ffff8000121e9000 x26: ffff00000511b900
[ 1.739699] x25: ffff8000121e92b0 x24: ffff800011517000
[ 1.739865] x23: ffff80001051b000 x22: 0000000000000000
[ 1.740028] x21: 0000000000000080 x20: ffff000005d74000
[ 1.740189] x19: ffff80001225bce8 x18: 0000000000000010
[ 1.740353] x17: 00000000d39cb9a7 x16: 00000000afcd4d6c
[ 1.740518] x15: ffff00000511bd78 x14: 00000000000000ea
[ 1.740680] x13: ffff00000511bd78 x12: 00000000ffffffea
[ 1.740844] x11: ffff800011e6ac28 x10: 0000000000000001
[ 1.741027] x9 : ffff8000115177f0 x8 : ffff8000115ba540
[ 1.741195] x7 : ffff80001051b288 x6 : ffff80001150dae0
[ 1.741359] x5 : 0000000000000001 x4 : 0000011500000001
[ 1.741525] x3 : 0000000000000000 x2 : 0000000000000001
[ 1.741684] x1 : 0000000000000000 x0 : ffff000005d73fff
[ 1.741970] Call trace:
[ 1.742094] test_out_of_bounds_read+0xbc/0x204
[ 1.742250] kunit_try_run_case+0x40/0xa0
[ 1.742380] kunit_generic_run_threadfn_adapter+0x20/0x30
[ 1.742542] kthread+0x140/0x160
[ 1.742648] ret_from_fork+0x10/0x34
[ 1.742824] ==================================================================
[ 1.743762] # test_out_of_bounds_read: test_alloc: size=128, gfp=cc0, policy=right, cache=0
[ 1.958146] ==================================================================
[ 1.958364] BUG: KFENCE: out-of-bounds read in test_out_of_bounds_read+0x160/0x204
[ 1.958364]
[ 1.958639] Out-of-bounds read at 0xffff000005d79000 (128B right of kfence-#11):
[ 1.958859] test_out_of_bounds_read+0x160/0x204
[ 1.959008] kunit_try_run_case+0x40/0xa0
[ 1.959134] kunit_generic_run_threadfn_adapter+0x20/0x30
[ 1.959289] kthread+0x140/0x160
[ 1.959402] ret_from_fork+0x10/0x34
[ 1.959516]
[ 1.959585] kfence-#11 [0xffff000005d78f80-0xffff000005d78fff, size=128, cache=kmalloc-128] allocated by task 93:
[ 1.959885] test_alloc+0xf8/0x300
[ 1.960006] test_out_of_bounds_read+0x14c/0x204
[ 1.960150] kunit_try_run_case+0x40/0xa0
[ 1.960282] kunit_generic_run_threadfn_adapter+0x20/0x30
[ 1.960449] kthread+0x140/0x160
[ 1.960562] ret_from_fork+0x10/0x34
[ 1.960681]
[ 1.960817] CPU: 0 PID: 93 Comm: kunit_try_catch Tainted: G B 5.10.0-00010-gdc23e832cfe7 #1
[ 1.961089] Hardware name: linux,dummy-virt (DT)
[ 1.961233] pstate: 60000005 (nZCv daif -PAN -UAO -TCO BTYPE=--)
[ 1.961417] pc : test_out_of_bounds_read+0x160/0x204
[ 1.961568] lr : test_out_of_bounds_read+0x14c/0x204
[ 1.961715] sp : ffff800012403d30
[ 1.961831] x29: ffff800012403d30 x28: 0000000000000000
[ 1.962011] x27: ffff8000121e9000 x26: ffff00000511b900
[ 1.962156] x25: ffff8000121e92b0 x24: ffff8000115177b0
[ 1.962303] x23: ffff80001051b210 x22: ffff800011517b08
[ 1.962471] x21: 0000000000000080 x20: ffff000005d78f80
[ 1.962631] x19: ffff80001225bce8 x18: 0000000000000010
[ 1.962799] x17: 00000000d39cb9a7 x16: 00000000afcd4d6c
[ 1.962964] x15: ffff00000511bd78 x14: 00000000000000bd
[ 1.963129] x13: 0000000000000001 x12: 0000000000000000
[ 1.963294] x11: 0000000000000000 x10: 0000000000000001
[ 1.963456] x9 : ffff8000115177f0 x8 : ffff8000115ba540
[ 1.963626] x7 : ffff80001051b288 x6 : ffff80001150dae0
[ 1.963790] x5 : 0000000000000001 x4 : 0000011500000001
[ 1.963957] x3 : 0000000000000000 x2 : 0000000000000001
[ 1.964123] x1 : 0000000000000000 x0 : 0000000000000001
[ 1.964292] Call trace:
[ 1.964384] test_out_of_bounds_read+0x160/0x204
[ 1.964561] kunit_try_run_case+0x40/0xa0
[ 1.964697] kunit_generic_run_threadfn_adapter+0x20/0x30
[ 1.964866] kthread+0x140/0x160
[ 1.964973] ret_from_fork+0x10/0x34
[ 1.965086] ==================================================================
[ 1.965774] ok 1 - test_out_of_bounds_read
[ 1.966815] # test_out_of_bounds_read-memcache: setup_test_cache: size=32, ctor=0x0
[ 1.967495] # test_out_of_bounds_read-memcache: test_alloc: size=32, gfp=cc0, policy=left, cache=1
[ 2.518052] ==================================================================
[ 2.518285] BUG: KFENCE: out-of-bounds read in test_out_of_bounds_read+0xbc/0x204
[ 2.518285]
[ 2.518544] Out-of-bounds read at 0xffff000005d81fff (1B left of kfence-#16):
[ 2.518730] test_out_of_bounds_read+0xbc/0x204
[ 2.518850] kunit_try_run_case+0x40/0xa0
[ 2.518979] kunit_generic_run_threadfn_adapter+0x20/0x30
[ 2.519141] kthread+0x140/0x160
[ 2.519248] ret_from_fork+0x10/0x34
[ 2.519356]
[ 2.519421] kfence-#16 [0xffff000005d82000-0xffff000005d8201f, size=32, cache=test] allocated by task 94:
[ 2.519748] test_alloc+0xe8/0x300
[ 2.519868] test_out_of_bounds_read+0xa4/0x204
[ 2.520007] kunit_try_run_case+0x40/0xa0
[ 2.520135] kunit_generic_run_threadfn_adapter+0x20/0x30
[ 2.520300] kthread+0x140/0x160
[ 2.520409] ret_from_fork+0x10/0x34
[ 2.520525]
[ 2.520599] CPU: 0 PID: 94 Comm: kunit_try_catch Tainted: G B 5.10.0-00010-gdc23e832cfe7 #1
[ 2.520858] Hardware name: linux,dummy-virt (DT)
[ 2.520993] pstate: 60000005 (nZCv daif -PAN -UAO -TCO BTYPE=--)
[ 2.521171] pc : test_out_of_bounds_read+0xbc/0x204
[ 2.521315] lr : test_out_of_bounds_read+0xa4/0x204
[ 2.521460] sp : ffff80001240bd30
[ 2.521564] x29: ffff80001240bd30 x28: 0000000000000000
[ 2.521710] x27: ffff8000121e9000 x26: ffff000005119c80
[ 2.521896] x25: ffff8000121e92b0 x24: ffff800011517000
[ 2.522061] x23: ffff80001051b000 x22: 0000000000000000
[ 2.522224] x21: 0000000000000020 x20: ffff000005d82000
[ 2.522389] x19: ffff80001225bce8 x18: 0000000000000002
[ 2.522553] x17: 0000000000000001 x16: 0000000000000019
[ 2.522716] x15: 0000000000000068 x14: 00000000000000cc
[ 2.522877] x13: 0000000000000001 x12: 0000000000000000
[ 2.523039] x11: 0000000000000000 x10: 0000000000000001
[ 2.523204] x9 : ffff8000115177f0 x8 : ffff8000115ba540
[ 2.523368] x7 : ffff80001051b288 x6 : ffff80001150dae0
[ 2.523531] x5 : 0000000000000001 x4 : 0000011500000001
[ 2.523697] x3 : 0000000000000000 x2 : 0000000000000001
[ 2.523861] x1 : 0000000000000000 x0 : ffff000005d81fff
[ 2.524023] Call trace:
[ 2.524115] test_out_of_bounds_read+0xbc/0x204
[ 2.524255] kunit_try_run_case+0x40/0xa0
[ 2.524381] kunit_generic_run_threadfn_adapter+0x20/0x30
[ 2.524547] kthread+0x140/0x160
[ 2.524650] ret_from_fork+0x10/0x34
[ 2.524736] ==================================================================
[ 2.525133] # test_out_of_bounds_read-memcache: test_alloc: size=32, gfp=cc0, policy=right, cache=1
[ 3.862078] ==================================================================
[ 3.862320] BUG: KFENCE: out-of-bounds read in test_out_of_bounds_read+0x160/0x204
[ 3.862320]
[ 3.862583] Out-of-bounds read at 0xffff000005d9b000 (32B right of kfence-#28):
[ 3.862802] test_out_of_bounds_read+0x160/0x204
[ 3.862947] kunit_try_run_case+0x40/0xa0
[ 3.863072] kunit_generic_run_threadfn_adapter+0x20/0x30
[ 3.863234] kthread+0x140/0x160
[ 3.863338] ret_from_fork+0x10/0x34
[ 3.863447]
[ 3.863515] kfence-#28 [0xffff000005d9afe0-0xffff000005d9afff, size=32, cache=test] allocated by task 94:
[ 3.863796] test_alloc+0xe8/0x300
[ 3.863913] test_out_of_bounds_read+0x14c/0x204
[ 3.864057] kunit_try_run_case+0x40/0xa0
[ 3.864185] kunit_generic_run_threadfn_adapter+0x20/0x30
[ 3.864344] kthread+0x140/0x160
[ 3.864452] ret_from_fork+0x10/0x34
[ 3.864566]
[ 3.864639] CPU: 0 PID: 94 Comm: kunit_try_catch Tainted: G B 5.10.0-00010-gdc23e832cfe7 #1
[ 3.864900] Hardware name: linux,dummy-virt (DT)
[ 3.865042] pstate: 60000005 (nZCv daif -PAN -UAO -TCO BTYPE=--)
[ 3.865216] pc : test_out_of_bounds_read+0x160/0x204
[ 3.865367] lr : test_out_of_bounds_read+0x14c/0x204
[ 3.865515] sp : ffff80001240bd30
[ 3.865617] x29: ffff80001240bd30 x28: 0000000000000000
[ 3.865785] x27: ffff8000121e9000 x26: ffff000005119c80
[ 3.865958] x25: ffff8000121e92b0 x24: ffff8000115177b0
[ 3.866096] x23: ffff80001051b210 x22: ffff800011517b08
[ 3.866257] x21: 0000000000000020 x20: ffff000005d9afe0
[ 3.866421] x19: ffff80001225bce8 x18: 0000000000000010
[ 3.866583] x17: 0000000000000001 x16: 0000000000000019
[ 3.866746] x15: ffff00000511a0f8 x14: 0000000000000383
[ 3.866908] x13: 0000000000000001 x12: 0000000000000000
[ 3.867073] x11: 0000000000000000 x10: 0000000000000001
[ 3.867237] x9 : ffff8000115177f0 x8 : ffff8000115ba540
[ 3.867399] x7 : ffff80001051b288 x6 : ffff80001150dae0
[ 3.867564] x5 : 0000000000000001 x4 : 0000011500000001
[ 3.867729] x3 : 0000000000000000 x2 : 0000000000000001
[ 3.867891] x1 : 0000000000000000 x0 : 0000000000000001
[ 3.868058] Call trace:
[ 3.868148] test_out_of_bounds_read+0x160/0x204
[ 3.868292] kunit_try_run_case+0x40/0xa0
[ 3.868417] kunit_generic_run_threadfn_adapter+0x20/0x30
[ 3.868582] kthread+0x140/0x160
[ 3.868693] ret_from_fork+0x10/0x34
[ 3.868805] ==================================================================
[ 3.870408] ok 2 - test_out_of_bounds_read-memcache
[ 3.870868] # test_out_of_bounds_write: test_alloc: size=32, gfp=cc0, policy=left, cache=0
[ 4.310096] ==================================================================
[ 4.310327] BUG: KFENCE: out-of-bounds write in test_out_of_bounds_write+0x90/0x14c
[ 4.310327]
[ 4.310577] Out-of-bounds write at 0xffff000005da1fff (1B left of kfence-#32):
[ 4.310796] test_out_of_bounds_write+0x90/0x14c
[ 4.310950] kunit_try_run_case+0x40/0xa0
[ 4.311080] kunit_generic_run_threadfn_adapter+0x20/0x30
[ 4.311244] kthread+0x140/0x160
[ 4.311359] ret_from_fork+0x10/0x34
[ 4.311476]
[ 4.311547] kfence-#32 [0xffff000005da2000-0xffff000005da201f, size=32, cache=kmalloc-128] allocated by task 95:
[ 4.311845] test_alloc+0xf8/0x300
[ 4.311964] test_out_of_bounds_write+0x78/0x14c
[ 4.312108] kunit_try_run_case+0x40/0xa0
[ 4.312234] kunit_generic_run_threadfn_adapter+0x20/0x30
[ 4.312395] kthread+0x140/0x160
[ 4.312512] ret_from_fork+0x10/0x34
[ 4.312625]
[ 4.312702] CPU: 0 PID: 95 Comm: kunit_try_catch Tainted: G B 5.10.0-00010-gdc23e832cfe7 #1
[ 4.312971] Hardware name: linux,dummy-virt (DT)
[ 4.313120] pstate: 60000005 (nZCv daif -PAN -UAO -TCO BTYPE=--)
[ 4.313297] pc : test_out_of_bounds_write+0x90/0x14c
[ 4.313453] lr : test_out_of_bounds_write+0x78/0x14c
[ 4.313602] sp : ffff800012403d60
[ 4.313711] x29: ffff800012403d60 x28: 0000000000000000
[ 4.313909] x27: ffff80001225bb78 x26: ffff0000040c24c8
[ 4.314083] x25: ffff80001216a680 x24: ffff80001225bd00
[ 4.314255] x23: ffff80001051b4d0 x22: ffff00000511b900
[ 4.314423] x21: ffff800011e96470 x20: ffff80001225bce8
[ 4.314593] x19: ffff000005da2000 x18: 0000000000000010
[ 4.314764] x17: 0000000000000001 x16: 0000000000000019
[ 4.314929] x15: 0000b65db746aa58 x14: 00000000000000c7
[ 4.315074] x13: 0000000000000001 x12: 0000000000000000
[ 4.315243] x11: 0000000000000000 x10: 0000000000000001
[ 4.315409] x9 : ffff8000115177f0 x8 : ffff8000115ba540
[ 4.315575] x7 : ffff80001051b288 x6 : ffff80001150dae0
[ 4.315742] x5 : 0000000000000001 x4 : 0000011500000001
[ 4.315908] x3 : 0000000000000000 x2 : 000000000000002a
[ 4.316078] x1 : ffff8000121e92b0 x0 : ffff8000121e9000
[ 4.316245] Call trace:
[ 4.316340] test_out_of_bounds_write+0x90/0x14c
[ 4.316494] kunit_try_run_case+0x40/0xa0
[ 4.316626] kunit_generic_run_threadfn_adapter+0x20/0x30
[ 4.316789] kthread+0x140/0x160
[ 4.316902] ret_from_fork+0x10/0x34
[ 4.317021] ==================================================================
[ 4.317555] ok 3 - test_out_of_bounds_write
[ 4.318131] # test_out_of_bounds_write-memcache: setup_test_cache: size=32, ctor=0x0
[ 4.318756] # test_out_of_bounds_write-memcache: test_alloc: size=32, gfp=cc0, policy=left, cache=1
[ 4.646055] ==================================================================
[ 4.646282] BUG: KFENCE: out-of-bounds write in test_out_of_bounds_write+0x90/0x14c
[ 4.646282]
[ 4.646540] Out-of-bounds write at 0xffff000005da7fff (1B left of kfence-#35):
[ 4.646752] test_out_of_bounds_write+0x90/0x14c
[ 4.646898] kunit_try_run_case+0x40/0xa0
[ 4.647017] kunit_generic_run_threadfn_adapter+0x20/0x30
[ 4.647178] kthread+0x140/0x160
[ 4.647286] ret_from_fork+0x10/0x34
[ 4.647386]
[ 4.647451] kfence-#35 [0xffff000005da8000-0xffff000005da801f, size=32, cache=test] allocated by task 96:
[ 4.647731] test_alloc+0xe8/0x300
[ 4.647845] test_out_of_bounds_write+0x78/0x14c
[ 4.647985] kunit_try_run_case+0x40/0xa0
[ 4.648114] kunit_generic_run_threadfn_adapter+0x20/0x30
[ 4.648273] kthread+0x140/0x160
[ 4.648380] ret_from_fork+0x10/0x34
[ 4.648496]
[ 4.648570] CPU: 0 PID: 96 Comm: kunit_try_catch Tainted: G B 5.10.0-00010-gdc23e832cfe7 #1
[ 4.648835] Hardware name: linux,dummy-virt (DT)
[ 4.648976] pstate: 60000005 (nZCv daif -PAN -UAO -TCO BTYPE=--)
[ 4.649155] pc : test_out_of_bounds_write+0x90/0x14c
[ 4.649305] lr : test_out_of_bounds_write+0x78/0x14c
[ 4.649448] sp : ffff80001240bd60
[ 4.649553] x29: ffff80001240bd60 x28: 0000000000000000
[ 4.649723] x27: ffff80001225bb78 x26: ffff0000040c2548
[ 4.649905] x25: ffff80001216a680 x24: ffff80001225bd00
[ 4.650066] x23: ffff80001051b4d0 x22: ffff000005119c80
[ 4.650227] x21: ffff800011e96490 x20: ffff80001225bce8
[ 4.650390] x19: ffff000005da8000 x18: 0000000000000002
[ 4.650556] x17: 0000000000000001 x16: 0000000000000019
[ 4.650718] x15: 0000000000000001 x14: 00000000000003ee
[ 4.650881] x13: 0000000000000001 x12: 0000000000000000
[ 4.651041] x11: 0000000000000000 x10: 0000000000000001
[ 4.651207] x9 : ffff8000115177f0 x8 : ffff8000115ba540
[ 4.651376] x7 : ffff80001051b288 x6 : ffff80001150dae0
[ 4.651533] x5 : 0000000000000001 x4 : 0000011500000001
[ 4.651694] x3 : 0000000000000000 x2 : 000000000000002a
[ 4.651855] x1 : ffff8000121e92b0 x0 : ffff8000121e9000
[ 4.652019] Call trace:
[ 4.652109] test_out_of_bounds_write+0x90/0x14c
[ 4.652253] kunit_try_run_case+0x40/0xa0
[ 4.652382] kunit_generic_run_threadfn_adapter+0x20/0x30
[ 4.652545] kthread+0x140/0x160
[ 4.652654] ret_from_fork+0x10/0x34
[ 4.652765] ==================================================================
[ 4.653400] ok 4 - test_out_of_bounds_write-memcache
[ 4.653858] # test_use_after_free_read: test_alloc: size=32, gfp=cc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 4.758222] ==================================================================
[ 4.758460] BUG: KFENCE: use-after-free read in test_use_after_free_read+0xb8/0x144
[ 4.758460]
[ 4.758729] Use-after-free read at 0xffff000005daaf80 (in kfence-#36):
[ 4.758933] test_use_after_free_read+0xb8/0x144
[ 4.759084] kunit_try_run_case+0x40/0xa0
[ 4.759210] kunit_generic_run_threadfn_adapter+0x20/0x30
[ 4.759372] kthread+0x140/0x160
[ 4.759482] ret_from_fork+0x10/0x34
[ 4.759592]
[ 4.759660] kfence-#36 [0xffff000005daaf80-0xffff000005daaf9f, size=32, cache=kmalloc-128] allocated by task 97:
[ 4.759935] test_alloc+0xf8/0x300
[ 4.760052] test_use_after_free_read+0x78/0x144
[ 4.760194] kunit_try_run_case+0x40/0xa0
[ 4.760321] kunit_generic_run_threadfn_adapter+0x20/0x30
[ 4.760490] kthread+0x140/0x160
[ 4.760604] ret_from_fork+0x10/0x34
[ 4.760731]
[ 4.760731] freed by task 97:
[ 4.760937] test_use_after_free_read+0xa0/0x144
[ 4.761086] kunit_try_run_case+0x40/0xa0
[ 4.761194] kunit_generic_run_threadfn_adapter+0x20/0x30
[ 4.761357] kthread+0x140/0x160
[ 4.761463] ret_from_fork+0x10/0x34
[ 4.761590]
[ 4.761663] CPU: 0 PID: 97 Comm: kunit_try_catch Tainted: G B 5.10.0-00010-gdc23e832cfe7 #1
[ 4.761950] Hardware name: linux,dummy-virt (DT)
[ 4.762096] pstate: 60000005 (nZCv daif -PAN -UAO -TCO BTYPE=--)
[ 4.762278] pc : test_use_after_free_read+0xb8/0x144
[ 4.762430] lr : test_use_after_free_read+0xa0/0x144
[ 4.762580] sp : ffff800012403d60
[ 4.762687] x29: ffff800012403d60 x28: 0000000000000000
[ 4.762857] x27: ffff80001225bb78 x26: ffff0000040c26c8
[ 4.763025] x25: ffff80001216a680 x24: ffff80001225bd00
[ 4.763192] x23: ffff80001051b4d0 x22: 0000000000000000
[ 4.763358] x21: ffff00000511b900 x20: ffff8000121e92b0
[ 4.763521] x19: ffff80001225bce8 x18: 0000000000000010
[ 4.763692] x17: 0000000000000001 x16: 0000000000000019
[ 4.763856] x15: 0000b5eb3915ecb6 x14: 0000000000000339
[ 4.764027] x13: 0000000000000001 x12: 0000000000000000
[ 4.764193] x11: 0000000000000000 x10: 0000000000000001
[ 4.764358] x9 : ffff8000115177f0 x8 : ffff8000115ba540
[ 4.764530] x7 : 0000000000000002 x6 : 0000000000000000
[ 4.764696] x5 : 0000000000000001 x4 : ffff800011e962e8
[ 4.764863] x3 : ffff000005daaf80 x2 : ffff8000115177b0
[ 4.765030] x1 : ffff80001051b000 x0 : 0000000000000000
[ 4.765196] Call trace:
[ 4.765289] test_use_after_free_read+0xb8/0x144
[ 4.765439] kunit_try_run_case+0x40/0xa0
[ 4.765572] kunit_generic_run_threadfn_adapter+0x20/0x30
[ 4.765737] kthread+0x140/0x160
[ 4.765848] ret_from_fork+0x10/0x34
[ 4.765966] ==================================================================
[ 4.766536] ok 5 - test_use_after_free_read
[ 4.766983] # test_use_after_free_read-memcache: setup_test_cache: size=32, ctor=0x0
[ 4.767509] # test_use_after_free_read-memcache: test_alloc: size=32, gfp=cc0, policy=any, cache=1
[ 4.870163] ==================================================================
[ 4.870388] BUG: KFENCE: use-after-free read in test_use_after_free_read+0xb8/0x144
[ 4.870388]
[ 4.870651] Use-after-free read at 0xffff000005dacfe0 (in kfence-#37):
[ 4.870846] test_use_after_free_read+0xb8/0x144
[ 4.870991] kunit_try_run_case+0x40/0xa0
[ 4.871112] kunit_generic_run_threadfn_adapter+0x20/0x30
[ 4.871269] kthread+0x140/0x160
[ 4.871374] ret_from_fork+0x10/0x34
[ 4.871481]
[ 4.871546] kfence-#37 [0xffff000005dacfe0-0xffff000005dacfff, size=32, cache=test] allocated by task 98:
[ 4.871823] test_alloc+0xe8/0x300
[ 4.871938] test_use_after_free_read+0x78/0x144
[ 4.872080] kunit_try_run_case+0x40/0xa0
[ 4.872204] kunit_generic_run_threadfn_adapter+0x20/0x30
[ 4.872362] kthread+0x140/0x160
[ 4.872474] ret_from_fork+0x10/0x34
[ 4.872563]
[ 4.872563] freed by task 98:
[ 4.872721] test_use_after_free_read+0x98/0x144
[ 4.872844] kunit_try_run_case+0x40/0xa0
[ 4.872971] kunit_generic_run_threadfn_adapter+0x20/0x30
[ 4.873131] kthread+0x140/0x160
[ 4.873239] ret_from_fork+0x10/0x34
[ 4.873351]
[ 4.873424] CPU: 0 PID: 98 Comm: kunit_try_catch Tainted: G B 5.10.0-00010-gdc23e832cfe7 #1
[ 4.873657] Hardware name: linux,dummy-virt (DT)
[ 4.873795] pstate: 60000005 (nZCv daif -PAN -UAO -TCO BTYPE=--)
[ 4.873981] pc : test_use_after_free_read+0xb8/0x144
[ 4.874101] lr : test_use_after_free_read+0x98/0x144
[ 4.874238] sp : ffff80001240bd60
[ 4.874317] x29: ffff80001240bd60 x28: 0000000000000000
[ 4.874483] x27: ffff80001225bb78 x26: ffff0000040c2548
[ 4.874647] x25: ffff80001216a680 x24: ffff80001225bd00
[ 4.874808] x23: ffff80001051b4d0 x22: 0000000000000000
[ 4.874968] x21: ffff000005119c80 x20: ffff8000121e92b0
[ 4.875131] x19: ffff80001225bce8 x18: 0000000000000002
[ 4.875295] x17: 0000000000000001 x16: 0000000000000019
[ 4.875462] x15: 0000000000000001 x14: 000000000000304d
[ 4.875621] x13: ffff00000511a0f8 x12: 00000000ffffffea
[ 4.875787] x11: ffff800011e6ac28 x10: 0000000000000001
[ 4.875947] x9 : ffff8000115177f0 x8 : ffff8000115ba540
[ 4.876113] x7 : 0000000000000002 x6 : 0000000000000000
[ 4.876276] x5 : 0000000000000001 x4 : ffff800011e962e8
[ 4.876441] x3 : ffff000005dacfe0 x2 : ffff8000115177b0
[ 4.876604] x1 : ffff80001051b000 x0 : ffff00000511a0f8
[ 4.876772] Call trace:
[ 4.876863] test_use_after_free_read+0xb8/0x144
[ 4.877001] kunit_try_run_case+0x40/0xa0
[ 4.877123] kunit_generic_run_threadfn_adapter+0x20/0x30
[ 4.877280] kthread+0x140/0x160
[ 4.877390] ret_from_fork+0x10/0x34
[ 4.877504] ==================================================================
[ 4.878210] ok 6 - test_use_after_free_read-memcache
[ 4.878728] # test_double_free: test_alloc: size=32, gfp=cc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 4.982293] ==================================================================
[ 4.982514] BUG: KFENCE: invalid free in test_double_free+0xbc/0x158
[ 4.982514]
[ 4.982738] Invalid free of 0xffff000005dae000 (in kfence-#38):
[ 4.982924] test_double_free+0xbc/0x158
[ 4.983049] kunit_try_run_case+0x40/0xa0
[ 4.983177] kunit_generic_run_threadfn_adapter+0x20/0x30
[ 4.983338] kthread+0x140/0x160
[ 4.983444] ret_from_fork+0x10/0x34
[ 4.983551]
[ 4.983616] kfence-#38 [0xffff000005dae000-0xffff000005dae01f, size=32, cache=kmalloc-128] allocated by task 99:
[ 4.983893] test_alloc+0xf8/0x300
[ 4.984008] test_double_free+0x78/0x158
[ 4.984132] kunit_try_run_case+0x40/0xa0
[ 4.984254] kunit_generic_run_threadfn_adapter+0x20/0x30
[ 4.984409] kthread+0x140/0x160
[ 4.984521] ret_from_fork+0x10/0x34
[ 4.984626]
[ 4.984626] freed by task 99:
[ 4.984772] test_double_free+0xa0/0x158
[ 4.984890] kunit_try_run_case+0x40/0xa0
[ 4.985012] kunit_generic_run_threadfn_adapter+0x20/0x30
[ 4.985168] kthread+0x140/0x160
[ 4.985276] ret_from_fork+0x10/0x34
[ 4.985385]
[ 4.985464] CPU: 0 PID: 99 Comm: kunit_try_catch Tainted: G B 5.10.0-00010-gdc23e832cfe7 #1
[ 4.985730] Hardware name: linux,dummy-virt (DT)
[ 4.985881] ==================================================================
[ 4.986319] ok 7 - test_double_free
[ 4.986677] # test_double_free-memcache: setup_test_cache: size=32, ctor=0x0
[ 4.987148] # test_double_free-memcache: test_alloc: size=32, gfp=cc0, policy=any, cache=1
[ 5.094154] ==================================================================
[ 5.094369] BUG: KFENCE: invalid free in test_double_free+0xb0/0x158
[ 5.094369]
[ 5.094586] Invalid free of 0xffff000005db0fe0 (in kfence-#39):
[ 5.094759] test_double_free+0xb0/0x158
[ 5.094885] kunit_try_run_case+0x40/0xa0
[ 5.095008] kunit_generic_run_threadfn_adapter+0x20/0x30
[ 5.095167] kthread+0x140/0x160
[ 5.095270] ret_from_fork+0x10/0x34
[ 5.095375]
[ 5.095441] kfence-#39 [0xffff000005db0fe0-0xffff000005db0fff, size=32, cache=test] allocated by task 100:
[ 5.095702] test_alloc+0xe8/0x300
[ 5.095815] test_double_free+0x78/0x158
[ 5.095937] kunit_try_run_case+0x40/0xa0
[ 5.096056] kunit_generic_run_threadfn_adapter+0x20/0x30
[ 5.096205] kthread+0x140/0x160
[ 5.096309] ret_from_fork+0x10/0x34
[ 5.096417]
[ 5.096417] freed by task 100:
[ 5.096569] test_double_free+0x98/0x158
[ 5.096685] kunit_try_run_case+0x40/0xa0
[ 5.096809] kunit_generic_run_threadfn_adapter+0x20/0x30
[ 5.096966] kthread+0x140/0x160
[ 5.097069] ret_from_fork+0x10/0x34
[ 5.097175]
[ 5.097244] CPU: 0 PID: 100 Comm: kunit_try_catch Tainted: G B 5.10.0-00010-gdc23e832cfe7 #1
[ 5.097504] Hardware name: linux,dummy-virt (DT)
[ 5.097624] ==================================================================
[ 5.098124] ok 8 - test_double_free-memcache
[ 5.098551] # test_invalid_addr_free: test_alloc: size=32, gfp=cc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 5.206096] ==================================================================
[ 5.206305] BUG: KFENCE: invalid free in test_invalid_addr_free+0xa0/0x158
[ 5.206305]
[ 5.206514] Invalid free of 0xffff000005db2f81 (in kfence-#40):
[ 5.206691] test_invalid_addr_free+0xa0/0x158
[ 5.206830] kunit_try_run_case+0x40/0xa0
[ 5.206951] kunit_generic_run_threadfn_adapter+0x20/0x30
[ 5.207113] kthread+0x140/0x160
[ 5.207220] ret_from_fork+0x10/0x34
[ 5.207326]
[ 5.207393] kfence-#40 [0xffff000005db2f80-0xffff000005db2f9f, size=32, cache=kmalloc-128] allocated by task 101:
[ 5.207687] test_alloc+0xf8/0x300
[ 5.207799] test_invalid_addr_free+0x7c/0x158
[ 5.207937] kunit_try_run_case+0x40/0xa0
[ 5.208059] kunit_generic_run_threadfn_adapter+0x20/0x30
[ 5.208215] kthread+0x140/0x160
[ 5.208315] ret_from_fork+0x10/0x34
[ 5.208422]
[ 5.208498] CPU: 0 PID: 101 Comm: kunit_try_catch Tainted: G B 5.10.0-00010-gdc23e832cfe7 #1
[ 5.208752] Hardware name: linux,dummy-virt (DT)
[ 5.208880] ==================================================================
[ 5.209248] ok 9 - test_invalid_addr_free
[ 5.209613] # test_invalid_addr_free-memcache: setup_test_cache: size=32, ctor=0x0
[ 5.210262] # test_invalid_addr_free-memcache: test_alloc: size=32, gfp=cc0, policy=any, cache=1
[ 5.318089] ==================================================================
[ 5.318299] BUG: KFENCE: invalid free in test_invalid_addr_free+0x94/0x158
[ 5.318299]
[ 5.318531] Invalid free of 0xffff000005db4001 (in kfence-#41):
[ 5.318711] test_invalid_addr_free+0x94/0x158
[ 5.318846] kunit_try_run_case+0x40/0xa0
[ 5.318970] kunit_generic_run_threadfn_adapter+0x20/0x30
[ 5.319129] kthread+0x140/0x160
[ 5.319236] ret_from_fork+0x10/0x34
[ 5.319335]
[ 5.319401] kfence-#41 [0xffff000005db4000-0xffff000005db401f, size=32, cache=test] allocated by task 102:
[ 5.319653] test_alloc+0xe8/0x300
[ 5.319765] test_invalid_addr_free+0x7c/0x158
[ 5.319898] kunit_try_run_case+0x40/0xa0
[ 5.320019] kunit_generic_run_threadfn_adapter+0x20/0x30
[ 5.320177] kthread+0x140/0x160
[ 5.320278] ret_from_fork+0x10/0x34
[ 5.320386]
[ 5.320456] CPU: 0 PID: 102 Comm: kunit_try_catch Tainted: G B 5.10.0-00010-gdc23e832cfe7 #1
[ 5.320709] Hardware name: linux,dummy-virt (DT)
[ 5.320834] ==================================================================
[ 5.321376] ok 10 - test_invalid_addr_free-memcache
[ 5.321807] # test_corruption: test_alloc: size=32, gfp=cc0, policy=left, cache=0
[ 5.654148] ==================================================================
[ 5.654379] BUG: KFENCE: memory corruption in test_corruption+0xb0/0x1e4
[ 5.654379]
[ 5.654620] Corrupted memory at 0xffff000005dba020 [ 0x2a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ] (in kfence-#44):
[ 5.655047] test_corruption+0xb0/0x1e4
[ 5.655180] kunit_try_run_case+0x40/0xa0
[ 5.655310] kunit_generic_run_threadfn_adapter+0x20/0x30
[ 5.655473] kthread+0x140/0x160
[ 5.655583] ret_from_fork+0x10/0x34
[ 5.655694]
[ 5.655763] kfence-#44 [0xffff000005dba000-0xffff000005dba01f, size=32, cache=kmalloc-128] allocated by task 103:
[ 5.656037] test_alloc+0xf8/0x300
[ 5.656154] test_corruption+0x84/0x1e4
[ 5.656282] kunit_try_run_case+0x40/0xa0
[ 5.656410] kunit_generic_run_threadfn_adapter+0x20/0x30
[ 5.656581] kthread+0x140/0x160
[ 5.656687] ret_from_fork+0x10/0x34
[ 5.656794]
[ 5.656866] CPU: 0 PID: 103 Comm: kunit_try_catch Tainted: G B 5.10.0-00010-gdc23e832cfe7 #1
[ 5.657125] Hardware name: linux,dummy-virt (DT)
[ 5.657267] ==================================================================
[ 5.657571] # test_corruption: test_alloc: size=32, gfp=cc0, policy=right, cache=0
[ 5.878191] ==================================================================
[ 5.878406] BUG: KFENCE: memory corruption in test_corruption+0x15c/0x1e4
[ 5.878406]
[ 5.878627] Corrupted memory at 0xffff000005dbef7f [ 0x2a ] (in kfence-#46):
[ 5.878830] test_corruption+0x15c/0x1e4
[ 5.878934] kunit_try_run_case+0x40/0xa0
[ 5.879033] kunit_generic_run_threadfn_adapter+0x20/0x30
[ 5.879163] kthread+0x140/0x160
[ 5.879251] ret_from_fork+0x10/0x34
[ 5.879359]
[ 5.879426] kfence-#46 [0xffff000005dbef80-0xffff000005dbef9f, size=32, cache=kmalloc-128] allocated by task 103:
[ 5.879702] test_alloc+0xf8/0x300
[ 5.879822] test_corruption+0x130/0x1e4
[ 5.879953] kunit_try_run_case+0x40/0xa0
[ 5.880076] kunit_generic_run_threadfn_adapter+0x20/0x30
[ 5.880232] kthread+0x140/0x160
[ 5.880343] ret_from_fork+0x10/0x34
[ 5.880457]
[ 5.880531] CPU: 0 PID: 103 Comm: kunit_try_catch Tainted: G B 5.10.0-00010-gdc23e832cfe7 #1
[ 5.880796] Hardware name: linux,dummy-virt (DT)
[ 5.880935] ==================================================================
[ 5.881298] ok 11 - test_corruption
[ 5.881642] # test_corruption-memcache: setup_test_cache: size=32, ctor=0x0
[ 5.882217] # test_corruption-memcache: test_alloc: size=32, gfp=cc0, policy=left, cache=1
[ 6.214131] ==================================================================
[ 6.214376] BUG: KFENCE: memory corruption in test_corruption+0xa8/0x1e4
[ 6.214376]
[ 6.214611] Corrupted memory at 0xffff000005dc4020 [ 0x2a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ] (in kfence-#49):
[ 6.214982] test_corruption+0xa8/0x1e4
[ 6.215111] kunit_try_run_case+0x40/0xa0
[ 6.215231] kunit_generic_run_threadfn_adapter+0x20/0x30
[ 6.215366] kthread+0x140/0x160
[ 6.215462] ret_from_fork+0x10/0x34
[ 6.215574]
[ 6.215642] kfence-#49 [0xffff000005dc4000-0xffff000005dc401f, size=32, cache=test] allocated by task 104:
[ 6.215918] test_alloc+0xe8/0x300
[ 6.216035] test_corruption+0x84/0x1e4
[ 6.216159] kunit_try_run_case+0x40/0xa0
[ 6.216284] kunit_generic_run_threadfn_adapter+0x20/0x30
[ 6.216444] kthread+0x140/0x160
[ 6.216558] ret_from_fork+0x10/0x34
[ 6.216672]
[ 6.216745] CPU: 0 PID: 104 Comm: kunit_try_catch Tainted: G B 5.10.0-00010-gdc23e832cfe7 #1
[ 6.217009] Hardware name: linux,dummy-virt (DT)
[ 6.217147] ==================================================================
[ 6.217400] # test_corruption-memcache: test_alloc: size=32, gfp=cc0, policy=right, cache=1
[ 6.438099] ==================================================================
[ 6.438310] BUG: KFENCE: memory corruption in test_corruption+0x154/0x1e4
[ 6.438310]
[ 6.438539] Corrupted memory at 0xffff000005dc8fdf [ 0x2a ] (in kfence-#51):
[ 6.438746] test_corruption+0x154/0x1e4
[ 6.438875] kunit_try_run_case+0x40/0xa0
[ 6.438995] kunit_generic_run_threadfn_adapter+0x20/0x30
[ 6.439156] kthread+0x140/0x160
[ 6.439267] ret_from_fork+0x10/0x34
[ 6.439377]
[ 6.439445] kfence-#51 [0xffff000005dc8fe0-0xffff000005dc8fff, size=32, cache=test] allocated by task 104:
[ 6.439715] test_alloc+0xe8/0x300
[ 6.439833] test_corruption+0x130/0x1e4
[ 6.439959] kunit_try_run_case+0x40/0xa0
[ 6.440086] kunit_generic_run_threadfn_adapter+0x20/0x30
[ 6.440244] kthread+0x140/0x160
[ 6.440349] ret_from_fork+0x10/0x34
[ 6.440461]
[ 6.440540] CPU: 0 PID: 104 Comm: kunit_try_catch Tainted: G B 5.10.0-00010-gdc23e832cfe7 #1
[ 6.440801] Hardware name: linux,dummy-virt (DT)
[ 6.440934] ==================================================================
[ 6.441403] ok 12 - test_corruption-memcache
[ 6.442028] # test_free_bulk: test_alloc: size=262, gfp=cc0, policy=right, cache=0
[ 6.550089] # test_free_bulk: test_alloc: size=262, gfp=cc0, policy=none, cache=0
[ 6.550325] # test_free_bulk: test_alloc: size=262, gfp=cc0, policy=left, cache=0
[ 6.886058] # test_free_bulk: test_alloc: size=262, gfp=cc0, policy=none, cache=0
[ 6.886299] # test_free_bulk: test_alloc: size=262, gfp=cc0, policy=none, cache=0
[ 6.886906] # test_free_bulk: test_alloc: size=225, gfp=cc0, policy=right, cache=0
[ 6.998049] # test_free_bulk: test_alloc: size=225, gfp=cc0, policy=none, cache=0
[ 6.998272] # test_free_bulk: test_alloc: size=225, gfp=cc0, policy=left, cache=0
[ 7.110036] # test_free_bulk: test_alloc: size=225, gfp=cc0, policy=none, cache=0
[ 7.110251] # test_free_bulk: test_alloc: size=225, gfp=cc0, policy=none, cache=0
[ 7.110604] # test_free_bulk: test_alloc: size=212, gfp=cc0, policy=right, cache=0
[ 7.334073] # test_free_bulk: test_alloc: size=212, gfp=cc0, policy=none, cache=0
[ 7.334289] # test_free_bulk: test_alloc: size=212, gfp=cc0, policy=left, cache=0
[ 7.558074] # test_free_bulk: test_alloc: size=212, gfp=cc0, policy=none, cache=0
[ 7.558294] # test_free_bulk: test_alloc: size=212, gfp=cc0, policy=none, cache=0
[ 7.558631] # test_free_bulk: test_alloc: size=217, gfp=cc0, policy=right, cache=0
[ 7.670071] # test_free_bulk: test_alloc: size=217, gfp=cc0, policy=none, cache=0
[ 7.670286] # test_free_bulk: test_alloc: size=217, gfp=cc0, policy=left, cache=0
[ 7.782063] # test_free_bulk: test_alloc: size=217, gfp=cc0, policy=none, cache=0
[ 7.782279] # test_free_bulk: test_alloc: size=217, gfp=cc0, policy=none, cache=0
[ 7.782632] # test_free_bulk: test_alloc: size=14, gfp=cc0, policy=right, cache=0
[ 8.006072] # test_free_bulk: test_alloc: size=14, gfp=cc0, policy=none, cache=0
[ 8.006283] # test_free_bulk: test_alloc: size=14, gfp=cc0, policy=left, cache=0
[ 8.454042] # test_free_bulk: test_alloc: size=14, gfp=cc0, policy=none, cache=0
[ 8.454265] # test_free_bulk: test_alloc: size=14, gfp=cc0, policy=none, cache=0
[ 8.454686] ok 13 - test_free_bulk
[ 8.455163] # test_free_bulk-memcache: setup_test_cache: size=270, ctor=0x0
[ 8.455648] # test_free_bulk-memcache: test_alloc: size=270, gfp=cc0, policy=right, cache=1
[ 8.566057] # test_free_bulk-memcache: test_alloc: size=270, gfp=cc0, policy=none, cache=1
[ 8.566297] # test_free_bulk-memcache: test_alloc: size=270, gfp=cc0, policy=left, cache=1
[ 8.678102] # test_free_bulk-memcache: test_alloc: size=270, gfp=cc0, policy=none, cache=1
[ 8.678366] # test_free_bulk-memcache: test_alloc: size=270, gfp=cc0, policy=none, cache=1
[ 8.678973] # test_free_bulk-memcache: setup_test_cache: size=25, ctor=ctor_set_x
[ 8.679374] # test_free_bulk-memcache: test_alloc: size=25, gfp=cc0, policy=right, cache=1
[ 8.790062] # test_free_bulk-memcache: test_alloc: size=25, gfp=cc0, policy=none, cache=1
[ 8.790298] # test_free_bulk-memcache: test_alloc: size=25, gfp=cc0, policy=left, cache=1
[ 9.126092] # test_free_bulk-memcache: test_alloc: size=25, gfp=cc0, policy=none, cache=1
[ 9.126364] # test_free_bulk-memcache: test_alloc: size=25, gfp=cc0, policy=none, cache=1
[ 9.126926] # test_free_bulk-memcache: setup_test_cache: size=25, ctor=0x0
[ 9.127312] # test_free_bulk-memcache: test_alloc: size=25, gfp=cc0, policy=right, cache=1
[ 9.462058] # test_free_bulk-memcache: test_alloc: size=25, gfp=cc0, policy=none, cache=1
[ 9.462289] # test_free_bulk-memcache: test_alloc: size=25, gfp=cc0, policy=left, cache=1
[ 10.694067] # test_free_bulk-memcache: test_alloc: size=25, gfp=cc0, policy=none, cache=1
[ 10.694332] # test_free_bulk-memcache: test_alloc: size=25, gfp=cc0, policy=none, cache=1
[ 10.694902] # test_free_bulk-memcache: setup_test_cache: size=41, ctor=ctor_set_x
[ 10.695291] # test_free_bulk-memcache: test_alloc: size=41, gfp=cc0, policy=right, cache=1
[ 10.806056] # test_free_bulk-memcache: test_alloc: size=41, gfp=cc0, policy=none, cache=1
[ 10.806297] # test_free_bulk-memcache: test_alloc: size=41, gfp=cc0, policy=left, cache=1
[ 11.030067] # test_free_bulk-memcache: test_alloc: size=41, gfp=cc0, policy=none, cache=1
[ 11.030335] # test_free_bulk-memcache: test_alloc: size=41, gfp=cc0, policy=none, cache=1
[ 11.030890] # test_free_bulk-memcache: setup_test_cache: size=103, ctor=0x0
[ 11.031268] # test_free_bulk-memcache: test_alloc: size=103, gfp=cc0, policy=right, cache=1
[ 11.254050] # test_free_bulk-memcache: test_alloc: size=103, gfp=cc0, policy=none, cache=1
[ 11.254290] # test_free_bulk-memcache: test_alloc: size=103, gfp=cc0, policy=left, cache=1
[ 11.366064] # test_free_bulk-memcache: test_alloc: size=103, gfp=cc0, policy=none, cache=1
[ 11.366296] # test_free_bulk-memcache: test_alloc: size=103, gfp=cc0, policy=none, cache=1
[ 11.366872] ok 14 - test_free_bulk-memcache
[ 11.367268] ok 15 - test_init_on_free
[ 11.367845] ok 16 - test_init_on_free-memcache
[ 11.368240] # test_kmalloc_aligned_oob_read: test_alloc: size=73, gfp=cc0, policy=right, cache=0
[ 11.590176] ==================================================================
[ 11.590404] BUG: KFENCE: out-of-bounds read in test_kmalloc_aligned_oob_read+0x11c/0x1c4
[ 11.590404]
[ 11.590677] Out-of-bounds read at 0xffff000005e25049 (201B right of kfence-#97):
[ 11.590892] test_kmalloc_aligned_oob_read+0x11c/0x1c4
[ 11.591053] kunit_try_run_case+0x40/0xa0
[ 11.591175] kunit_generic_run_threadfn_adapter+0x20/0x30
[ 11.591335] kthread+0x140/0x160
[ 11.591447] ret_from_fork+0x10/0x34
[ 11.591558]
[ 11.591626] kfence-#97 [0xffff000005e24f80-0xffff000005e24fc8, size=73, cache=kmalloc-128] allocated by task 109:
[ 11.591915] test_alloc+0xf8/0x300
[ 11.592031] test_kmalloc_aligned_oob_read+0x84/0x1c4
[ 11.592184] kunit_try_run_case+0x40/0xa0
[ 11.592311] kunit_generic_run_threadfn_adapter+0x20/0x30
[ 11.592477] kthread+0x140/0x160
[ 11.592583] ret_from_fork+0x10/0x34
[ 11.592695]
[ 11.592772] CPU: 0 PID: 109 Comm: kunit_try_catch Tainted: G B 5.10.0-00010-gdc23e832cfe7 #1
[ 11.593034] Hardware name: linux,dummy-virt (DT)
[ 11.593170] pstate: 60000005 (nZCv daif -PAN -UAO -TCO BTYPE=--)
[ 11.593345] pc : test_kmalloc_aligned_oob_read+0x11c/0x1c4
[ 11.593509] lr : test_kmalloc_aligned_oob_read+0x104/0x1c4
[ 11.593663] sp : ffff80001240bd30
[ 11.593767] x29: ffff80001240bd30 x28: 0000000000000000
[ 11.593963] x27: ffff8000121e92b0 x26: ffff8000115177b0
[ 11.594132] x25: ffff000005118000 x24: ffff8000115178d8
[ 11.594295] x23: 0000000000000080 x22: ffff8000121e9000
[ 11.594457] x21: ffff80001051b210 x20: ffff80001225bce8
[ 11.594615] x19: ffff000005e24f80 x18: 0000000000000010
[ 11.594775] x17: 0000000000000001 x16: 0000000000000019
[ 11.594936] x15: ffff000005118478 x14: 00000000000001f7
[ 11.595097] x13: 0000000000000001 x12: 0000000000000000
[ 11.595256] x11: 0000000000000000 x10: 0000000000000001
[ 11.595395] x9 : ffff8000115177f0 x8 : ffff8000115ba540
[ 11.595538] x7 : ffff80001051b288 x6 : ffff80001150dae0
[ 11.595699] x5 : 0000000000000001 x4 : 000001cd00000001
[ 11.595859] x3 : 000001d200000001 x2 : ffff000005e25049
[ 11.596014] x1 : ffff800011517000 x0 : 00000000000000c9
[ 11.596175] Call trace:
[ 11.596265] test_kmalloc_aligned_oob_read+0x11c/0x1c4
[ 11.596422] kunit_try_run_case+0x40/0xa0
[ 11.596551] kunit_generic_run_threadfn_adapter+0x20/0x30
[ 11.596711] kthread+0x140/0x160
[ 11.596819] ret_from_fork+0x10/0x34
[ 11.596931] ==================================================================
[ 11.597388] ok 17 - test_kmalloc_aligned_oob_read
[ 11.597802] # test_kmalloc_aligned_oob_write: test_alloc: size=73, gfp=cc0, policy=right, cache=0
[ 11.702169] ==================================================================
[ 11.702382] BUG: KFENCE: memory corruption in test_kmalloc_aligned_oob_write+0xf0/0x180
[ 11.702382]
[ 11.702641] Corrupted memory at 0xffff000005e26fc9 [ 0xac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ] (in kfence-#98):
[ 11.702997] test_kmalloc_aligned_oob_write+0xf0/0x180
[ 11.703131] kunit_try_run_case+0x40/0xa0
[ 11.703253] kunit_generic_run_threadfn_adapter+0x20/0x30
[ 11.703412] kthread+0x140/0x160
[ 11.703516] ret_from_fork+0x10/0x34
[ 11.703621]
[ 11.703685] kfence-#98 [0xffff000005e26f80-0xffff000005e26fc8, size=73, cache=kmalloc-128] allocated by task 110:
[ 11.703945] test_alloc+0xf8/0x300
[ 11.704057] test_kmalloc_aligned_oob_write+0x70/0x180
[ 11.704211] kunit_try_run_case+0x40/0xa0
[ 11.704335] kunit_generic_run_threadfn_adapter+0x20/0x30
[ 11.704496] kthread+0x140/0x160
[ 11.704602] ret_from_fork+0x10/0x34
[ 11.704714]
[ 11.704785] CPU: 0 PID: 110 Comm: kunit_try_catch Tainted: G B 5.10.0-00010-gdc23e832cfe7 #1
[ 11.705047] Hardware name: linux,dummy-virt (DT)
[ 11.705179] ==================================================================
[ 11.705520] ok 18 - test_kmalloc_aligned_oob_write
[ 11.706046] # test_shrink_memcache: setup_test_cache: size=32, ctor=0x0
[ 11.706593] # test_shrink_memcache: test_alloc: size=32, gfp=cc0, policy=any, cache=1
[ 11.814697] ok 19 - test_shrink_memcache
[ 11.815114] # test_memcache_ctor: setup_test_cache: size=32, ctor=ctor_set_x
[ 11.815601] # test_memcache_ctor: test_alloc: size=32, gfp=cc0, policy=any, cache=1
[ 11.926426] ok 20 - test_memcache_ctor
[ 11.926879] ==================================================================
[ 11.927219] BUG: KFENCE: invalid read in test_invalid_access+0x58/0xe8
[ 11.927219]
[ 11.927454] Invalid read at 0xffff000005d6000a:
[ 11.927604] test_invalid_access+0x58/0xe8
[ 11.927732] kunit_try_run_case+0x40/0xa0
[ 11.927857] kunit_generic_run_threadfn_adapter+0x20/0x30
[ 11.928017] kthread+0x140/0x160
[ 11.928122] ret_from_fork+0x10/0x34
[ 11.928231]
[ 11.928304] CPU: 0 PID: 113 Comm: kunit_try_catch Tainted: G B 5.10.0-00010-gdc23e832cfe7 #1
[ 11.928571] Hardware name: linux,dummy-virt (DT)
[ 11.928711] pstate: 60000005 (nZCv daif -PAN -UAO -TCO BTYPE=--)
[ 11.928882] pc : test_invalid_access+0x58/0xe8
[ 11.929016] lr : kunit_try_run_case+0x40/0xa0
[ 11.929144] sp : ffff80001240bd70
[ 11.929246] x29: ffff80001240bd70 x28: 0000000000000000
[ 11.929416] x27: ffff80001225bb78 x26: ffff0000040c2848
[ 11.929571] x25: ffff80001216a680 x24: ffff80001225bd00
[ 11.929729] x23: ffff80001051b4d0 x22: 0000000000000000
[ 11.930050] x21: ffff800011e966b0 x20: ffff80001225bce8
[ 11.930232] x19: ffff000005118000 x18: 000000000000000e
[ 11.930395] x17: 0000000000000001 x16: 0000000000000019
[ 11.930559] x15: 0000000000000004 x14: 0000000000000220
[ 11.930722] x13: 0000000000000001 x12: ffffffffffffffff
[ 11.930884] x11: 0000000000000007 x10: fffffffffffffffd
[ 11.931047] x9 : 0000000000000008 x8 : 0000000000000005
[ 11.931208] x7 : ffffffffffffffff x6 : 0c0904073e020b06
[ 11.931367] x5 : ffff000005d60000 x4 : ffff8000115177b0
[ 11.931525] x3 : ffff000005d6000a x2 : 0000000000000001
[ 11.931685] x1 : ffff8000121e92b0 x0 : ffff80001225bce8
[ 11.931848] Call trace:
[ 11.931939] test_invalid_access+0x58/0xe8
[ 11.932068] kunit_try_run_case+0x40/0xa0
[ 11.932196] kunit_generic_run_threadfn_adapter+0x20/0x30
[ 11.932357] kthread+0x140/0x160
[ 11.932468] ret_from_fork+0x10/0x34
[ 11.932586] ==================================================================
[ 11.932951] ok 21 - test_invalid_access
[ 11.933297] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=cc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 12.038134] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 12.150077] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 12.262054] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 12.374041] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 12.486047] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 12.598050] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 12.710044] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 12.822044] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 12.934049] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 13.046047] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 13.158043] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 13.270049] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 13.382050] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 13.494046] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 13.606043] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 13.718048] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 13.830048] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 13.942049] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 14.054045] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 14.166044] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 14.278050] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 14.390043] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 14.502046] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 14.614041] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 14.726046] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 14.838040] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 14.950047] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 15.062046] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 15.174048] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 15.286047] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 15.398047] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 15.510044] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 15.622041] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 15.734043] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 15.846046] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 15.958041] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 16.070049] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 16.182048] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 16.294050] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 16.406045] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 16.518047] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 16.630046] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 16.742048] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 16.854086] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 16.966060] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 17.078045] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 17.190057] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 17.302050] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 17.414044] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 17.526048] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 17.638047] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 17.750045] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 17.862041] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 17.974046] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 18.086045] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 18.198045] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 18.310050] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 18.422046] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 18.534047] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 18.646042] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 18.758042] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 18.870030] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 18.982059] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 19.094048] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 19.206050] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 19.318042] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 19.430042] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 19.542044] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 19.654044] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 19.766048] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 19.878045] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 19.990051] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 20.102050] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 20.214049] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 20.326045] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 20.438042] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 20.550053] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 20.662047] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 20.774042] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 20.886042] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 20.998041] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 21.110162] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 21.222055] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 21.334051] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 21.446038] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 21.558044] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 21.670045] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 21.782052] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 21.894042] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 22.006039] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 22.118042] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 22.230042] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 22.342039] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 22.454047] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 22.566042] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 22.678047] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 22.790037] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 22.902081] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 23.014049] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 23.126039] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 23.238037] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 23.350052] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 23.462038] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 23.574036] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 23.686048] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 23.798045] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 23.910043] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 24.022049] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 24.134044] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 24.246047] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 24.358045] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 24.470040] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 24.582045] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 24.694044] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 24.806048] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 24.918045] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 25.030060] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 25.142043] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 25.254046] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 25.366047] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 25.478047] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 25.590045] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 25.702043] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 25.814051] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 25.926046] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 26.038044] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 26.150037] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 26.262046] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 26.374046] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 26.486042] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 26.598044] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 26.710047] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 26.822040] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 26.934039] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 27.046035] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 27.158043] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 27.270043] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 27.382040] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 27.494040] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 27.606040] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 27.718044] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 27.830043] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 27.942039] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 28.054042] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 28.166041] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 28.278041] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 28.390042] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 28.502039] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 28.614041] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 28.726040] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 28.838058] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 28.950048] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 29.062046] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 29.174041] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 29.286058] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 29.398048] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 29.510047] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 29.622047] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 29.734043] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 29.846038] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 29.958049] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 30.070046] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 30.182040] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 30.294046] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 30.406043] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 30.518037] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 30.630041] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 30.742042] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 30.854036] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 30.966041] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 31.078036] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 31.190037] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 31.302043] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 31.414043] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 31.526044] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 31.638032] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 31.750043] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 31.862053] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 31.974045] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 32.086045] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 32.198045] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 32.310045] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 32.422050] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 32.534040] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 32.646037] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 32.758043] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 32.870041] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 32.982045] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 33.094160] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 33.206056] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 33.318045] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 33.430046] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 33.542047] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 33.654035] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 33.766038] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 33.878048] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 33.990052] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 34.102043] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 34.214038] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 34.326043] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 34.438039] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 34.550043] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 34.662034] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 34.774039] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 34.886095] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 34.998063] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 35.110055] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 35.222039] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 35.334038] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 35.446046] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 35.558049] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 35.670045] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 35.782037] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 35.894048] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 36.006046] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 36.118049] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 36.230090] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 36.342044] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 36.454050] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 36.566043] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 36.678044] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 36.790045] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 36.902046] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 37.014047] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 37.126044] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 37.238060] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 37.350050] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 37.462049] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 37.574056] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 37.686046] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 37.798047] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 37.910043] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 38.022046] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 38.134051] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 38.246055] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 38.358041] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 38.470046] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 38.582045] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 38.694043] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 38.806038] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 38.918042] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 39.030055] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 39.142047] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 39.254050] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 39.366051] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 39.478047] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 39.590047] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 39.702047] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 39.814050] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 39.926045] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 40.038047] # test_gfpzero: test_alloc: size=4096, gfp=dc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 40.150499] ok 22 - test_gfpzero
[ 40.150950] # test_memcache_typesafe_by_rcu: setup_test_cache: size=32, ctor=0x0
[ 40.151488] # test_memcache_typesafe_by_rcu: test_alloc: size=32, gfp=cc0, policy=any, cache=1
[ 40.274709] ==================================================================
[ 40.275003] BUG: KFENCE: use-after-free read in test_memcache_typesafe_by_rcu+0x1b8/0x298
[ 40.275003]
[ 40.275279] Use-after-free read at 0xffff000005e2e000 (in kfence-#102):
[ 40.275473] test_memcache_typesafe_by_rcu+0x1b8/0x298
[ 40.275635] kunit_try_run_case+0x40/0xa0
[ 40.275754] kunit_generic_run_threadfn_adapter+0x20/0x30
[ 40.275904] kthread+0x140/0x160
[ 40.276007] ret_from_fork+0x10/0x34
[ 40.276112]
[ 40.276177] kfence-#102 [0xffff000005e2e000-0xffff000005e2e01f, size=32, cache=test] allocated by task 115:
[ 40.276436] test_alloc+0xe8/0x300
[ 40.276555] test_memcache_typesafe_by_rcu+0xc8/0x298
[ 40.276704] kunit_try_run_case+0x40/0xa0
[ 40.276822] kunit_generic_run_threadfn_adapter+0x20/0x30
[ 40.276977] kthread+0x140/0x160
[ 40.277073] ret_from_fork+0x10/0x34
[ 40.277167]
[ 40.277167] freed by task 0:
[ 40.277402] rcu_guarded_free+0x1c/0x28
[ 40.277528] rcu_core+0x26c/0x970
[ 40.277631] rcu_core_si+0x10/0x20
[ 40.277737] __do_softirq+0x130/0x3d8
[ 40.277858] irq_exit+0xc0/0xe0
[ 40.277940] __handle_domain_irq+0x68/0xc0
[ 40.278041] gic_handle_irq+0xa8/0xe0
[ 40.278145] el1_irq+0xc4/0x180
[ 40.278226] arch_cpu_idle+0x18/0x28
[ 40.278319] default_idle_call+0x3c/0x1d4
[ 40.278443] do_idle+0x21c/0x268
[ 40.278538] cpu_startup_entry+0x24/0x68
[ 40.278660] rest_init+0xd8/0xe8
[ 40.278766] arch_call_rest_init+0x10/0x1c
[ 40.278887] start_kernel+0x51c/0x558
[ 40.278997]
[ 40.279071] CPU: 0 PID: 115 Comm: kunit_try_catch Tainted: G B 5.10.0-00010-gdc23e832cfe7 #1
[ 40.279320] Hardware name: linux,dummy-virt (DT)
[ 40.279458] pstate: 60000005 (nZCv daif -PAN -UAO -TCO BTYPE=--)
[ 40.279622] pc : test_memcache_typesafe_by_rcu+0x1b8/0x298
[ 40.279775] lr : test_memcache_typesafe_by_rcu+0x1a0/0x298
[ 40.279934] sp : ffff80001240bd20
[ 40.280035] x29: ffff80001240bd20 x28: 000000000000002a
[ 40.280196] x27: ffff80001051b288 x26: ffff80001150dae0
[ 40.280353] x25: ffff800011517b20 x24: ffff800011517b30
[ 40.280511] x23: ffff000005118000 x22: ffff80001051b210
[ 40.280671] x21: ffff8000115177b0 x20: ffff8000121e92b8
[ 40.280819] x19: ffff80001225bce8 x18: 000000000000000e
[ 40.280965] x17: 0000000000000001 x16: 0000000000000019
[ 40.281122] x15: 0000000000000004 x14: 00000000000003eb
[ 40.281268] x13: 0000000000000000 x12: 0000000000000000
[ 40.281425] x11: 0000000000000000 x10: 00000000000009f0
[ 40.281573] x9 : ffff80001240bb00 x8 : ffff000005118a50
[ 40.281734] x7 : ffff000005fa5bc0 x6 : 00000000967f5a1d
[ 40.281881] x5 : 0000029f00000001 x4 : 0000000000000000
[ 40.282039] x3 : 0000000000000000 x2 : ffff000005e2e000
[ 40.282199] x1 : ffff80001240bda0 x0 : ffff80001225bce8
[ 40.282341] Call trace:
[ 40.282430] test_memcache_typesafe_by_rcu+0x1b8/0x298
[ 40.282585] kunit_try_run_case+0x40/0xa0
[ 40.282702] kunit_generic_run_threadfn_adapter+0x20/0x30
[ 40.282847] kthread+0x140/0x160
[ 40.282950] ret_from_fork+0x10/0x34
[ 40.283056] ==================================================================
[ 40.283837] ok 23 - test_memcache_typesafe_by_rcu
[ 40.284352] # test_krealloc: test_alloc: size=32, gfp=cc0, policy=any, cache=0
[ 40.374565] ==================================================================
[ 40.374785] BUG: KFENCE: use-after-free read in test_krealloc+0x3b8/0x444
[ 40.374785]
[ 40.374983] Use-after-free read at 0xffff000005e30000 (in kfence-#103):
[ 40.375172] test_krealloc+0x3b8/0x444
[ 40.375290] kunit_try_run_case+0x40/0xa0
[ 40.375413] kunit_generic_run_threadfn_adapter+0x20/0x30
[ 40.375567] kthread+0x140/0x160
[ 40.375672] ret_from_fork+0x10/0x34
[ 40.375777]
[ 40.375839] kfence-#103 [0xffff000005e30000-0xffff000005e3001f, size=32, cache=kmalloc-128] allocated by task 116:
[ 40.376122] test_alloc+0xf8/0x300
[ 40.376231] test_krealloc+0x6c/0x444
[ 40.376346] kunit_try_run_case+0x40/0xa0
[ 40.376465] kunit_generic_run_threadfn_adapter+0x20/0x30
[ 40.376612] kthread+0x140/0x160
[ 40.376708] ret_from_fork+0x10/0x34
[ 40.376807]
[ 40.376807] freed by task 116:
[ 40.376953] krealloc+0x94/0x118
[ 40.377055] test_krealloc+0x154/0x444
[ 40.377171] kunit_try_run_case+0x40/0xa0
[ 40.377292] kunit_generic_run_threadfn_adapter+0x20/0x30
[ 40.377437] kthread+0x140/0x160
[ 40.377538] ret_from_fork+0x10/0x34
[ 40.377645]
[ 40.377715] CPU: 0 PID: 116 Comm: kunit_try_catch Tainted: G B 5.10.0-00010-gdc23e832cfe7 #1
[ 40.377965] Hardware name: linux,dummy-virt (DT)
[ 40.378101] pstate: 60000005 (nZCv daif -PAN -UAO -TCO BTYPE=--)
[ 40.378270] pc : test_krealloc+0x3b8/0x444
[ 40.378391] lr : test_krealloc+0x3a4/0x444
[ 40.378511] sp : ffff800012413d00
[ 40.378606] x29: ffff800012413d00 x28: ffff0000040c26ff
[ 40.378768] x27: 0000000000000041 x26: ffff800011517000
[ 40.378924] x25: ffff0000040c2700 x24: ffff800011517970
[ 40.379072] x23: ffff80001051b210 x22: ffff80001150dae0
[ 40.379210] x21: ffff8000121e92b0 x20: ffff8000115177b0
[ 40.379364] x19: ffff80001225bce8 x18: 0000000000000010
[ 40.379524] x17: 0000000000000001 x16: 0000000000000019
[ 40.379682] x15: ffff00000511bd78 x14: 00000000000000f7
[ 40.379841] x13: 0000000000000001 x12: 0000000000000000
[ 40.379997] x11: 0000000000000000 x10: 0000000000000001
[ 40.380143] x9 : ffff8000115177f0 x8 : 000002c400000001
[ 40.380290] x7 : 0000000000000010 x6 : ffff800011517ad0
[ 40.380444] x5 : 0000000000000000 x4 : ffff8000115178d8
[ 40.380596] x3 : 000002c800000000 x2 : ffff000005e30000
[ 40.380748] x1 : 0000000000000001 x0 : ffff800011517b08
[ 40.380908] Call trace:
[ 40.380992] test_krealloc+0x3b8/0x444
[ 40.381105] kunit_try_run_case+0x40/0xa0
[ 40.381221] kunit_generic_run_threadfn_adapter+0x20/0x30
[ 40.381376] kthread+0x140/0x160
[ 40.381476] ret_from_fork+0x10/0x34
[ 40.381579] ==================================================================
[ 40.382155] ok 24 - test_krealloc
[ 40.382612] # test_memcache_alloc_bulk: setup_test_cache: size=32, ctor=0x0
[ 40.486489] ok 25 - test_memcache_alloc_bulk
[ 40.486552] ok 1 - kfenceSummary
Using QEMU for emulation requires some courage to face all those parameters.
When faced with a new emulation task, it's worthwhile to spend a bit more time exploring the best parameters.
When encountering problems, flexibly research and experiment, using the control variable method to determine feasible parameters.